Introduction:
भारत रत्न भारत गणराज्य का सर्वोच्च नागरिक सम्मान है। 2 जनवरी 1954 को स्थापित किया गया, यह पुरस्कार “सर्वोत्तम क्रिया/प्रदर्शन की अत्यधिक उपाधि” की मान्यता के साथ प्रदान किया जाता है, जाति, व्यापार, पद या लिंग का भेद न करके। प्रारंभ में, यह पुरस्कार कला, साहित्य, विज्ञान और सार्वजनिक सेवाओं में प्राप्तियों के लिए सीमित था, लेकिन भारत सरकार ने 2011 में मानव प्रयास के “किसी भी क्षेत्र” को शामिल करने के लिए मापदंडों में विस्तार किया। पुरस्कार के लिए सिफारिशें प्रधानमंत्री द्वारा राष्ट्रपति को की जाती हैं।
भारत रत्न के पहले पुरस्कार प्राप्तकर्ता थे: भारतीय डॉमिनियन के आखिरी गवर्नर-जनरल और पूर्व मद्रास के मुख्यमंत्री – सी. राजगोपालाचारी, दूसरे राष्ट्रपति और पहले उपराष्ट्रपति – सर्वपल्ली राधाकृष्णन और नोबेल पुरस्कार विजेता और भौतिकशास्त्री सी. वी. रमन, जिन्हें 1954 में सम्मानित किया गया था। इसके बाद, पुरस्कार को 50 व्यक्तियों को प्रदान किया गया है, जिनमें से 15 को पोस्टह्यूमस्ली पुरस्कृत किया गया था। मौलिक नियमों में पोस्टह्यूमस पुरस्कारों के लिए प्रावधान नहीं था लेकिन ये जनवरी 1955 में संशोधित किए गए थे ताकि प्रधानमंत्री लाल बहादुर शास्त्री को पहले पोस्टह्यूमसली सम्मानित किया जा सके। 2014 में, क्रिकेटर सचिन तेंडुलकर, जो तब 40 वर्ष के थे, सबसे युवा पुरस्कृत हुए; जबकि सामाजिक सुधारक धोंडो केशव कर्वे उस समय पुरस्कृत हुए थे जब उन्हें उनके 100वें जन्मदिन पर सम्मानित किया गया था। सामान्यत: भारतीय नागरिकों पर प्रदान किया जाता है, परंतु इसे एक प्राकृतिकरित नागरिक – मदर टेरेसा, और दो गैर-भारतीयों को भी प्रदान किया गया है: अब्दुल ग़फ्फार ख़ान (ब्रिटिश इंडिया में जन्मे और बाद में पाकिस्तान के नागरिक) और नेल्सन मंडेला, दक्षिण अफ्रीका के नागरिक।
भारत रत्न प्राप्तकर्ता को क्या मिलता है? | What comes with Bharat Ratna Award:
भारत रत्न प्राप्तकर्ता को भारत सरकार द्वारा एक प्रमाणपत्र और एक मेडल प्रदान किया जाता है। इस सम्मान के साथ कोई धनराशि नहीं होती।
प्राप्तकर्ता को सरकारी महकमे सुविधाएं प्रदान की जाती हैं, जैसे कि भारत रत्न प्राप्तकर्ताओं को रेलवे की ओर से मुफ़्त यात्रा की सुविधा।
भारत रत्न प्राप्तकर्ताओं को अहम सरकारी कार्यक्रमों में शामिल होने के लिए न्योता मिलता है।
सरकार वॉरंट ऑफ़ प्रेसिडेंस में उन्हें जगह दी जाती है, जिससे प्राप्तकर्ता को प्रोटोकॉल में राष्ट्रपति, उपराष्ट्रपति, प्रधानमंत्री, राज्यपाल, पूर्व राष्ट्रपति, उपप्रधानमंत्री, मुख्य न्यायाधीश, लोकसभा अध्यक्ष, कैबिनेट मंत्री, मुख्यमंत्री, पूर्व प्रधानमंत्री और संसद के दोनों सदनों में विपक्ष के नेता के बाद जगह मिलती है।
वॉरंट ऑफ़ प्रेसिडेंस का इस्तेमाल सरकारी कार्यक्रमों में वरीयता देने के लिए होता है।
राज्य सरकारें भारत रत्न प्राप्तकर्ताओं को अपने राज्यों में सुविधाएं उपलब्ध कराती हैं।
इस सम्मान को अपने नाम से पहले या बाद में जोड़ा नहीं जा सकता। हालांकि, प्राप्तकर्ता अपने बायोडेटा, लेटरहेड, या विज़िटिंग कार्ड जैसी जगहों पर ‘राष्ट्रपति द्वारा भारत रत्न से सम्मानित’ या ‘भारत रत्न प्राप्तकर्ता’ लिख सकते हैं।
मेडल कैसा दिखता है? | How Medal Looks:
मेडल में तांबे के बने पीपल के पत्ते पर प्लैटिनम का चमकता सूर्य बना हुआ है। पत्ते का किनारा भी प्लैटिनम का होता है। इसके नीचे चांदी से हिंदी में “भारत रत्न” लिखा होता है।
इसके पीछे की तरफ़ अशोक स्तंभ के नीचे हिंदी में “सत्यमेव जयते” लिखा होता है।
HISTORY OF BHARAT RATNA | भारत रत्न का इतिहास:
यह पुरस्कार पहले भारतीय राष्ट्रपति राजेन्द्र प्रसाद ने 2 जनवरी 1954 को स्थापित किया था।
इस पुरस्कार को पोस्टह्यूमसली से सम्मानित करने की बात मौलिक विधान में नहीं थी, जो जनवरी 1954 में घोषित हुआ था। पोस्टह्यूमस सम्मानित करने की सुविधा को अंत में इस प्रतिष्ठान्वित पुरस्कार के जनवरी 1966 के विधान में जोड़ा गया।
पहला भारत रत्न 1954 में सर्वपल्ली राधाकृष्णन, सर सी.वी. रमन, और चक्रवर्ती राजगोपालाचारी को प्रदान किया गया था।
सचिन तेंडुलकर पहले खिलाड़ी और सबसे युवा भारत रत्न पुरस्कार प्राप्तकर्ता हैं।
कौन-कौन सभी लोग भारत रत्न प्राप्त करने के पात्र हैं? | WHO ARE ALL ENTITLED TO GET BHARAT RATNA?
पुरस्कार को प्रारंभ में साहित्य, विज्ञान, कला, और सार्वजनिक सेवाओं में प्राप्तियों से ही सीमित रखा गया था, लेकिन भारत सरकार ने 2011 में “मानव प्रयास के किसी भी क्षेत्र” को शामिल करने के लिए शर्तें बढ़ा दी।
इसमें कोई लिखित प्रावधान नहीं है कि भारत रत्न को केवल भारतीय नागरिकों को ही प्रदान किया जाना चाहिए।
हाल ही में भारत सरकार ने खेल क्षेत्र के व्यक्तियों के पात्रता के लिए भारत रत्न के लिए मार्गदर्शिका में परिवर्तन किया है।
कौन निर्णय करता है? | WHO DECIDES?
भारत रत्न के लिए सिफारिशें प्रधानमंत्री द्वारा राष्ट्रपति को की जाती हैं। सालाना पुरस्कारों की संख्या एक विशिष्ट वर्ष में अधिकतम तीन तक होती है।
विवाद | CONTROVERSIES
1992 में, सुभाष चंद्र बोस को भारत रत्न स्वरूप में पोस्टह्यूमसली प्रदान किया गया। क्योंकि सुभाष चंद्र बोस की मृत्यु का कोई ठोस सबूत नहीं है, उनका परिवार ने पुरस्कार स्वीकार करने से इंकार कर दिया।
List of recipients of Bharat Ratna:
| Year | Image | Name | State / Country | Life span | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1954 | C. Rajagopalachari | Tamil Nadu | 1878-1972 | Rajagopalachari was an independence activist, who served as the last Governor-General of India from 1948 to 50). Earlier, he served as the first governor of West Bengal in 1947-48. He was the home minister in the first Nehru cabinet succeeding Sardar Vallabhai Patel in 1950. He served as the chief minister of Madras Presidency from 1937-39 and later as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu between 1952 and 1954. He founded the Swatantra Party in 1959. | |
| Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan | Tamil Nadu | 1888-1975 | Radhakrishnan served as the first Vice-President of India from 1952 to 1962 and as the second President of India from 1962 to 1967). Since 1962, his birthday of 5 September is observed annually as Teachers’ Day in India. | ||
| C. V. Raman | Tamil Nadu | 1888-1970 | Raman was a physicist known for his work in the field of light scattering. He is known for the discovery of Raman scattering and Raman spectroscopy and was presented the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930. | ||
| 1955 | Bhagwan Das | Uttar Pradesh | 1869-1958 | Bhagwan Das was an independence activist, theosophist and educationist. He co-founded Kashi Vidyapith and worked with Madan Mohan Malaviya to establish the Banaras Hindu University. | |
| M. Visvesvaraya | Karnataka | 1861-1962 | Visvesvaraya was a civil engineer and statesman. He served as the 19th Diwan of Mysore from 1912 to 1918. His birthday, 15 September, is observed annually as Engineer’s Day in India. | ||
| Jawaharlal Nehru | Uttar Pradesh | 1889-1964 | Nehru was an independence activist and politician, who was the first and the longest-serving Prime Minister of India from 1947 to 1964. | ||
| 1957 | Govind Ballabh Pant | Uttar Pradesh | 1887-1961 | Pant was an independence activist and politician, who served as the premier of United Provinces (1937–39, 1946–50) and as the first chief minister of Uttar Pradesh from 1950 to 1954. He served as Union Home Minister from 1955 to 1961. | |
| 1958 | Dhondo Keshav Karve | Maharashtra | 1858-1962 | Karve was a social reformer and educator, known for his work on education for women and remarriage of Hindu widows. He established the Widow Marriage Association (1883), Hindu Widows Home (1896), and started Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women’s University in 1916. | |
| 1961 | Bidhan Chandra Roy | West Bengal | 1882-1962 | Roy was a physician, politician and educationist. He served as the second Chief Minister of West Bengal from 1948 to 1962 and is known as the “Maker of Modern West Bengal”. His birthday on 1 July is observed annually as the National Doctors’ Day in India. | |
| Purushottam Das Tandon | Uttar Pradesh | 1882-1962 | Tandon was an independence activist and politician, who served as the speaker of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly from 1937 to 1950. He was actively involved in a campaign to get official language status to Hindi. | ||
| 1962 | Rajendra Prasad | Bihar | 1884-1963 | Prasad was an independence activist, lawyer and statesman, who was associated with Mahatma Gandhi in the Champaran Satyagraha in Bihar and non-cooperation movement. Became the president of Constituent Assembly of India .He was later elected as the first President of India (1950–62). | |
| 1963 | Zakir Husain | Hyderabad state, present Telangana | 1897-1969 | Husain was an independence activist and philosopher, who served as the Vice Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University (1948–56) and the Governor of Bihar (1957–62). Later, he was elected as second vice-president of India (1962–67) and went on to become the third President of India (1967–69). | |
| Pandurang Vaman Kane | Maharashtra | 1880-1972 | Kane was an indologist and Sanskrit scholar, known for his five volume literary work, History of Dharmaśāstra: Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India. | ||
| 1966 | Lal Bahadur Shastri | Uttar Pradesh | 1904-1966 | Shastri was an independence activist, known for his slogan “Jai Jawan Jai Kisan” (“Hail to the Soldier, hail to the Farmer”). He served as second Prime Minister of India (1964–66) and led the country during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. | |
| 1971 | Indira Gandhi | Uttar Pradesh | 1917-1984 | Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister of India during 1966–77 and 1980–84. She is known as the “Iron Lady of India”, as she led India during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and the concurrent Bangladesh Liberation War which led to the formation of Bangladesh. | |
| 1975 | V. V. Giri | Odisha | 1894-1980 | Giri was an independence activist, who organized trade unions and facilitated their participation in the fight for independence. Post-independence, Giri held positions of Governor of Uttar Pradesh, Kerala and Mysore state and other cabinet ministries. He became the first acting president and was eventually elected as the fourth President of India, serving from 1969 to 1974. | |
| 1976 | K. Kamaraj | Tamil Nadu | 1903-1975 | Kamaraj was an independence activist and politician, who served athe chief minister of Tamil Nadu for over nine years, between 1954 and 1963. He was known as the “King Maker”, as he was the president of the Indian National Congress, when electing Lal Bahadur Shastri the prime minister after Nehru’s death and Indira Gandhi after Shastri’s death. He later founded the Indian political party, the Indian National Congress (Organisation). | |
| 1980 | Mother Teresa | West Bengal (born in Skopje, North Macedonia) | 1910-1997 | Mother Teresa was a Catholic nun and founder of the Missionaries of Charity, a religious congregation, which manages homes for diseased people. She was the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize for her humanitarian work in 1979. She was beatified on 19 October 2003 by Pope John Paul II and canonised on 4 September 2016 by Pope Francis. | |
| 1983 | Vinoba Bhave | Maharashtra | 1895-1982 | Bhave was an independence activist, social reformer and an associate of Mahatma Gandhi, known for his Bhoodan movement. He was known by the honorific title “Acharya” (“teacher”) and was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award (1958) for his humanitarian work. | |
| 1987 | Abdul Ghaffar Khan | Pakistan | 1890-1988 | Khan was a independence activist, a follower of Mahatma Gandhi and an advocate of Hindu–Muslim unity in the subcontinent. He was known as “Frontier Gandhi” and was part of the Khilafat Movement in 1920 and founded the Khudai Khidmatgar (“Red Shirt movement”) in 1929. | |
| 1988 | M. G. Ramachandran | Tamil Nadu | 1917-1987 | Ramachandran was an actor and politician, who was the founder of the Indian political party, All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and served as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu for over ten years, between 1977 and 1987. He is known by the sobrequet the “Puratchi Thalaivar” (“Revolutionary Leader”). | |
| 1990 | B. R. Ambedkar | Maharashtra | 1891-1956 | Ambedkar was a social reformer, lawyer and a Dalit leader, who headed the committee drafting the Indian Constitution while also serving as the first Law Minister of India later. Ambedkar campaigned against the social discrimination of Dalits and the caste system in India. He was associated with the Dalit Buddhist movement after converting to Buddhism on 14 October 1956. | |
| Nelson Mandela | South Africa | 1918-2013 | Mandela was the leader of the Anti-Apartheid Movement in South Africa and later served as the President of South Africa (1994–99). Often called as the “Gandhi of South Africa”, Mandela’s African National Congress movement was influenced by Gandhian philosophy. In 1993, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. | ||
| 1991 | Rajiv Gandhi | Uttar Pradesh | 1944-1991 | Rajiv Gandhi was a pilot turned politician, who served as the sixth Prime Minister of India serving from 1984 to 1989. | |
| Vallabhbhai Patel | Gujarat | 1875-1950 | Patel was an independence activist, who served as the first Deputy Prime Minister of India (1947–50) and home minister. Patel was known as the “Iron Man of India” and by the title of “Sardar” (“Leader”) Patel and was instrumental in the accession of the princely states into the Indian union. | ||
| Morarji Desai | Gujarat | 1896-1995 | Desai was an independence activist and politician, who served as the fourth Prime Minister of India from 1977 to 1979 and was the first to be not from the Indian National Congress. He was also awarded the Nishan-e-Pakistan, the second highest civilian award given by the Government of Pakistan. Desai had earlier abolished the awards while he was in the office of Prime Minister for it being “worthless and politicised”. | ||
| 1992 | Abul Kalam Azad | West Bengal | 1888-1958 | Azad was an independence activist and politician, who served as the first education minister of India. His birthday on 11 November is observed annually as the National Education Day in India. | |
| J. R. D. Tata | Maharashtra | 1904-1993 | Tata was an industrialist, philanthropist, and aviation pioneer, who served as the chairman of the business conglomerate Tata Group. He is the founder of various educational and research institutes and businesses. | ||
| Satyajit Ray | West Bengal | 1922-1992 | Ray was a film director. He directed his first film Pather Panchali in 1955 and is credited with bringing world recognition to Indian cinema. In 1984, Ray was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India’s highest award in cinema and in 1991, he received Academy Honorary Award. | ||
| 1997 | Gulzarilal Nanda | Punjab | 1898-1998 | Nanda was an independence activist and politician, who served as the interim Prime Minister of India in 1964 and 1966 and as the deputy chairman of the Planning Commission. | |
| Aruna Asaf Ali | West Bengal | 1909-1996 | Ali was an independence activist, known for hoisting the tricolor flag of in Bombay during the Quit India Movement in 1942. Post Independence, Ali was elected as Delhi’s first mayor in 1958. | ||
| A. P. J. Abdul Kalam | Tamil Nadu | 1931-2015 | Kalam was an aerospace and defence scientist, who later served as the eleventh President of India from 2002 until 2007. He was involved in the development of India’s first satellite launch vehicle SLV III and the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program, while working for various space and defence research agencies and has served as the scientific advisor to the defence minister, Secretary for defence research and director of Defence Research and Development Organisation. | ||
| 1998 | M. S. Subbulakshmi | Tamil Nadu | 1916-2005 | Subbulakshmi was a Carnatic classical vocalist, known for her songs, religious chantings and compositions. She was the first Indian musician to receive the Ramon Magsaysay award for her public service. | |
| C. Subramaniam | Tamil Nadu | 1910-2000 | Subramaniam was an independence activist and politician, who served as the minister of agriculture from 1964 to 1966 and later as minister of finance and defence. He is known for his contribution towards the Green Revolution in India. | ||
| 1999 | Jayaprakash Narayan | Bihar | 1902-1979 | Narayan was an independence activist and social reformer. He was commonly referred as “Loknayak” (“People’s Leader”) and is known for the Total Revolution Movement initiated during the mid-1970s against the then government of India. | |
| Amartya Sen | West Bengal | 1933- | Sen is an economist and he winner of the Nobel memorial prize in economic sciences in 1998. | ||
| Gopinath Bordoloi | Assam | 1890-1950 | Bordoloi was an independence activist and politician, who served as the first chief minister of Assam (1946–50). His was instrumental in uniting Assam with India when parts of it wanted to accede to Pakistan. | ||
| Ravi Shankar | Uttar Pradesh | 1920-2012 | Ravi Shankar was a musician and sitar player. He has won four Grammy Awards and is often considered “the world’s best-known exponent of Hindustani classical music”. | ||
| 2001 | Lata Mangeshkar | Maharashtra | 1929-2022 | Mangeshkar was a playback singer, known as the “nightingale of India”. She started her career in the 1940s and has sung songs in over 36 languages. In 1989, Mangeshkar was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India’s highest award in cinema. | |
| Bismillah Khan | Bihar | 1916-2006 | Khan was a Hindustani classical shehnai player, who played the instrument for more than eight decades and is credited to have brought the instrument to the centre stage of Indian music. | ||
| 2009 | Bhimsen Joshi | Karnataka | 1922-2011 | Joshi was a Hindustani classical vocalist, who was a disciple of Kirana gharana and is widely known for the Khyal genre of singing. | |
| 2014 | C. N. R. Rao | Karnataka | 1934- | Rao is a chemist and a scientist specializing in solid state chemistry. He has honorary doctorates from 86 universities and has authored around 1,800 research publications and 56 books. | |
| Sachin Tendulkar | Maharashtra | 1973- | Tendulkar is a cricketer, who is regarded as one of the greatest batters of all-time. Having debuted in 1989, Tendulkar played 664 international cricket matches, scoring more than 34,000 in a career spanning over two decades and holds various cricket records. | ||
| 2015 | Atal Bihari Vajpayee | Madhya Pradesh | 1924-2018 | Vajpayee was a politician, who served as the Prime Minister of India three times in 1996, 1998 and from 1999 to 2004. He was a parliamentarian for over four decades and was elected nine times to the Lok Sabha, twice to the Rajya Sabha, also serving as the minister of external affairs during 1977–79. | |
| Madan Mohan Malaviya | Uttar Pradesh | 1861-1946 | Malaviya was a scholar and educational reformer, who founded the Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha (1906) and Banaras Hindu University, while serving as the university’s vice-chancellor from 1919 until 1938. He was the President of Indian National Congress for four terms and was the chairman of Hindustan Times from 1924 to 1946. | ||
| 2019 | Pranab Mukherjee | West Bengal | 1935-2020 | Mukherjee was a politician who served as the 13th President of India from 2012 until 2017. In a career spanning five decades, Mukherjee had been a leader of the Indian National Congress and had occupied several ministerial portfolios in the Government of India. Prior to his election as President, he was finance minister from 2009 to 2012. | |
| Bhupen Hazarika | Assam | 1926-2011 | Hazarika was a playback singer, lyricist, musician, poet and film-maker, widely known as Sudhakantha. His songs, written and sung mainly in the Assamese language by himself, are themed around universal justice and peace and have been translated and sung in many languages. | ||
| Nanaji Deshmukh | Maharashtra | 1916-2010 | Deshmukh was a social activist and politician, who worked in the fields of education, health, and rural self-reliance. He was a leader of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh and also served as a member of the Rajya Sabha. | ||
| 2024 | Karpoori Thakur | Bihar | 1924-1988 | Thakur was a politician, who served two terms as the 11th Chief Minister of Bihar, from 1970 to 1971, and from 1977 to 1979. In 1978, he introduced the reservation policy in state government jobs. | |
| L. K. Advani | Delhi (born in Karachi, [Undivided India]]) | 1927- | Advani is a politician who served as the 7th Deputy Prime Minister of India from 2002 to 2004. He is one of the co-founders of Bharatiya Janata Party and was the longest serving Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha. |
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Frequently Asked Questions and Answers:
Q. भारत रत्न पुरस्कार क्या है?
A. भारत रत्न भारतीय गणराज्य का सर्वोच्च नागरिक पुरस्कार है, जो मानव प्रयास के किसी भी क्षेत्र में अत्यधिक सेवा या प्रदर्शन को पहचानता है।
Q. भारत रत्न का स्थापना कब की गई थी?
A. पुरस्कार की स्थापना 2 जनवरी 1954 को की गई थी।
Q. भारत रत्न के प्राप्तकर्ताओं का निर्णय कौन करता है?
A. भारत रत्न के लिए सिफारिशें प्रधानमंत्री द्वारा भारत के राष्ट्रपति को की जाती है।
Q. भारत रत्न के क्षेत्र की प्राप्ति पर कोई प्रतिबंध हैं क्या?
A. प्रारंभ में, पुरस्कार को साहित्य, विज्ञान, कला, और सार्वजनिक सेवाओं में प्राप्तियों से ही सीमित रखा गया था, लेकिन 2011 में मानव प्रयास के “किसी भी क्षेत्र” में सम्मिलित करने के लिए मापदंडों में विस्तार किया गया।
Q. विशेष वर्ष में कितने भारत रत्न पुरस्कार प्रदान किए जा सकते हैं?
A. सालाना पुरस्कारों की संख्या एक विशिष्ट वर्ष में अधिकतम तीन तक होती है।
Q. क्या भारत रत्न को पोस्टह्यूमसली प्रदान किया जा सकता है?
A. हाँ, भारत रत्न को पोस्टह्यूमसली प्रदान किया जा सकता है।
Q. क्या भारत रत्न से जुड़े विवाद हैं?
A. हाँ, इसमें विवाद हुआ है, जैसा कि 1992 में सुभाष चंद्र बोस को पोस्टह्यूमसली प्रदान किया गया था, जिसके कारण उनके परिवार ने बोस की मृत्यु के सबूत की कमी के कारण पुरस्कार स्वीकार करने से इंकार कर दिया।
Q. क्या भारत रत्न को गैर-भारतीयों को प्रदान किया जा सकता है?
A. हाँ, इसे गैर-भारतीयों को भी प्रदान किया जा सकता है, जैसे कि मदर टेरेसा, अब्दुल ग़फ्फार ख़ान (जन्म ब्रिटिश इंडिया में, बाद में पाकिस्तान के नागरिक बने) और नेल्सन मंडेला (दक्षिण अफ्रीका के नागरिक) को।